Employment Germany

Crowdworkers are not employees under German Labour Law

By Dr. Astrid Schnabel LL.M. / 7 January 2020 7 January 2020 / Employment contract, Fixed-term employment, Independent contractor

Crowdworkers are not considered employees under German labour law under a ruling by the Higher Regional Labour Court of Munich on 4 December 2019 (docket number: 8 Sa 146/19). What are Crowdworkers? Crowdworkers are persons to whom so-called microjobs are offered via an Internet platform which they then carry out independently, if they accept the offers. According to the “Crowdworking Monitor” of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (BMAS) from 2018, around 4.8 percent of the eligible voters in Germany work as crowdworkers. The case The defendant operates an Internet platform and, among other things, carries out checks …

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Occupational pensions: Deviation from employer’s (contractual) obligation to adjust pension benefits requires detailed statement of reasons

By Georg Haberkorn / 20 November 2019 20 November 2019 / Benefits, Pension

By judgment of 21.06.2019 (docket number: 7 Sa 92/18) the State Labour Court Hamburg has ruled that a deviation from the employer’s obligation to adjust pension benefits in accordance with an increase in state pension benefits – as provided for in the employer’s pension plan in the event that the employer considers an adjustment “not justifiable” – requires a detailed statement of reasons. The employer must describe all relevant factors for his decision, the company’s economic status quo and the assumed negative development which would arise from the pension adjustment. The parties were in dispute over the adjustment of the …

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Entitlements on company pension are subject to particular protection in the event of a transfer of business according to Section 613 a German Civil Code

By Georg Haberkorn / 14 November 2019 14 November 2019 / Benefits, Pension, Transfer of business

By judgment of 22 October 2019 (docket number: 3 AZR 429/18) the Federal Labour Court has extended its settled case law regarding the replacement of pension plans in the event of mergers and acquisitions. A replacement of a pension plan by a pension plan existing at the acquirer a must be in accordance with the principle of protection of legitimate expectation and the principle of proportionality. For occupational pensions, the Federal Labour Court has developed a special three-stage examination that reflects these principles. In the present case, the Federal Labour Court stated that these principles and requirements also apply in …

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Employee Leasing: Deviation from Equal Pay

By Thomas Wiedmann / 5 November 2019 5 November 2019 / Equal Treatment, Labour leasing, Remuneration, Temporary Workers

According to a judgement of the Federal Labour Court employers (agency) who lease employees (agency workers) to a third party (client) can deviate from the principle of equal treatment (“Equal Pay”) by virtue of a reference clause in the contract of employment only if, for the period of the lease, the relevant collective bargaining agreement for employee leasing fully, and not just partially, applies (judgement dated 16 October 2019, docket number 4 AZR 66/18). The plaintiff was employed by the defendant and leased out to a client as a driver for the period from April 2014 to April 2015. The …

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Time Recording Systems Jumpstarted by the Works Council?

By Dr. Astrid Schnabel LL.M. / 26 September 2019 26 September 2019 / Works Council

In an earlier ruling this year, the European Court of Justice held that European member states must require employers to introduce systems for recording the working time of their employees. However, since there is no German law stipulating time recording( with the exception of overtime recording duties) yet, typically it is up to the employer whether or not to introduce consistent time recording mechanisms. In the underlying case, the works council wanted to force the employer into negotiations for an electronic time recording system within the company. The employer argued that the works council did not have the right to …

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A cycling accident with fatal consequnces – Regional Labour Court rules over injury and dismissal

By Dr. Isabel Schäfer / 11 September 2019 28 November 2019 / Dismissal, Sickness

The problem Around 20% of all dismissals of employees are subject to legal action. Therefore it is reasonable that employers want to make sure that dismissals are legally sound. One of the most important points in such lawsuits is whether the letter of notice has reached the employee, since the employer must not only prove that he sent the letter of notice, but also that this letter reached the employee, i.e. that he or she had the opportunity to take note of it. This often leads to uncertainty as to whether or when the letter reached the employee. Such an …

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Bad handwriting – dismissal invalid?

By Saskia MacLaughlin / 10 September 2019 28 November 2019 / Termination

The problem Bad handwriting – a problem that is of little importance in times of computers, smartphones, etc. However letters of dismissal may not be sent via mail but have to be signed by hand; therefore even in our modern times, bad handwriting can affect the invalidity of a such a notice and thus lead to a defeat in court. The plaintiff, an employee of the Berlin-Schönefeld airport , filed a lawsuit against her dismissal. This dismissal was based on her numerous absences due to illness. First, she argued, that her absence was not so severe as to justify the …

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(Not) nice seeing you again? Federal Labour Court decides on fixed-term employment

By Dr. Kai Bodenstedt LL.M. / 9 September 2019 28 November 2019 / Fixed-term employment

The problem In the year 2018 8,3 % of all German employees worked on the basis of a fixed term employment contract. Various rules apply to this kind of employment and breaching one of them often leads to the employment contract being indefinite. One of the most important rules is the time limit on fixed-term employment contracts. If the time limitation is not justified by factual reasons (e.g. needing a substitute for an employee being on maternity leave) the duration of the time limitation may not exceed 2 years. Furthermore this time-limitation is invalid if the employee has already been …

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Parental leave and vacation entitlement – a complex matter for employers

By Dr. Henriette Norda LL.M. / 30 August 2019 28 November 2019 / Holidays, Parental Leave, Vacation

The problem Vacation entitlements – a matter that has undergone so many changes lately that the author can no longer even think of a suitable introduction. However this article focuses on a recent decision of the Federal Labour Court (19 March 2019, docket number: 9 AZR 495/17) in which the court explained the connections between holiday and parental leave. The applicant was a former employee who was on parental leave for six years before terminating her employment at the end of her leave. Following her dismissal, she claimed compensation for leave over the last six years, since she had not …

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New German law shall prevent crisis in labour market

By Dr. Henriette Norda LL.M. / 30 August 2019 28 November 2019 / Legislation

For years, the German labour market prospered, mass unemployment was not at all a problem, in fact it was difficult to find qualified employees. However, the times of sustained growth may soon be over. The ifo business climate index has been decreasing for the last couple of months and the German economy shrank slightly in the second quarter of 2019 compared with the previous quarter. The German government wants to be prepared for an potential recession and therefore started elaborating a draft law especially concerning support for struggling companies and their employees. During the economic crisis 2008/2009 many companies struggled …

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Federal Labour Court specifies requirements for termination of employment due to insufficient fitness

By Dr. Henriette Norda LL.M. / 27 August 2019 27 August 2019 / Dismissal, Sickness

1. The Problem There are many jobs that require excellent mental or physical fitness. If this fitness is no longer maintained, the question often arises as to whether the employment relationship can still be maintained. This was also the problem in a case decided by the Federal Labour Court (docket number: 7 AZR 292/17) on 17 April 2019. The plaintiff had been employed as a stewardess for more than 20 years until an aeromedical institute determined that she was no longer fit to fly. According to the collective bargaining agreement, the employment relationship in this case ends automatically (at the …

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Works Council’s right to know about work accidents also extends to external staff

By Volker von Alvensleben / 13 August 2019 13 August 2019 / Health, Independent contractor, Works Council

According to a judgment by the Federal Labour Court, the works council may request information about work accidents suffered by individuals who are employed by an external party, if these works accidents were suffered in connection with the operational infrastructure (judgment dated 12 March 2019, docket number 1 ABR 48/17). The company, a delivery service provider, used both its own staff as well as contractors to provide these services. When two contractors slipped and thus suffered injuries at work, the local works council requested copies of the relevant accident reports. In addition, it requested to be informed about work accidents …

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Change in Work Constitution Act to Increase Employee Representation

By Dr. Astrid Schnabel LL.M. / 9 August 2019 9 August 2019 / Collective Bargaining Agreement, Employee Participation, Legislation, Works Council

Following a legislative reform earlier this year, flight crews’ rights to obtain employee representation through a works council have been improved. While employees from (almost) all fields of work can choose to elect a works council, sec. 117 of the Works Constitution Act formerly provided for an exemption for flight crews. Flight crews were only able to establish an employee representative body if their collective bargaining agreement provided for such representation. Consequently, only flight crews employed by companies bound by collective bargaining agreements were able to elect such a body. As of 1 May 2019, this exemption does not apply …

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Overtime compensation – are 9 days vacation enough?

By Dr. Henriette Norda LL.M. / 18 July 2019 28 November 2019 / Equal Treatment

The problem Over time, a complex matter often leads to disputes, sometimes even trials between employers and employees. The question whether employers may arrange overtime, but also how to reimburse it is one such highly controversial issue. On June, 26 2019 (docket number: 5 AZR 452/18) the Federal Labour Court (BAG) had to decide whether the plant-level agreement of “ver.di” (a large German service trade union) with its works council on overtime compensation meets the provisions of German law. The plaintiff, an employee of ver.di working as union secretary, wanted compensation amounting to EUR 9,345.84 for working overtime in the …

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