{"id":4425,"date":"2023-07-14T11:31:18","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T09:31:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.dlapiper.com\/advocatus\/?p=4425"},"modified":"2023-07-14T15:45:05","modified_gmt":"2023-07-14T13:45:05","slug":"hungary-increases-fine-cap-to-13-of-yearly-turnover-a-conscious-competition-policy-move-or-a-fiscal-adjustment-for-budgetary-purposes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dlapiper.com\/advocatus\/2023\/07\/hungary-increases-fine-cap-to-13-of-yearly-turnover-a-conscious-competition-policy-move-or-a-fiscal-adjustment-for-budgetary-purposes\/","title":{"rendered":"Hungary increases fine cap to 13% of yearly turnover \u2013 a conscious competition policy move or a fiscal adjustment for budgetary purposes?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Introduction<\/strong><\/p>

Whereas competition law regimes around the globe struggle to find the right enforcement tools in a fast changing world, leading some jurisdictions to introduce revolutionary and highly sophisticated new intervention powers for competition authorities, Hungary is to experiment a simpler approach: an \u201cincrease of the hammer\u2019s size\u201d. \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>

Increase of the cap from 10 to 13%<\/strong><\/p>

Modelled on EU law, the maximum fine that the Hungarian Competition Authority (Gazdas\u00e1gi Versenyhivatal \u2013 GVH<\/em>) is entitled to levy for infringements under the Hungarian Competition Act (hereinafter: the HCA<\/em>) (most notably for breaches of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and their national equivalents, Section 11 and 21 HCA), has always been 10% of the net turnover achieved by the undertaking or the group of undertakings concerned.<\/p>

This fundamental rule is about to change.\u00a0 On 6 July 2023, Act 53 of 2023 on the Laying the Foundations for Hungary’s Budget for 2024 (the Act<\/em>) was published in the Hungarian Official Gazette. The Act, in addition to raising the maximum fines for a number of illegal behaviors, such as road traffic and misdemeanor offences, also amends Article 78(1b) HCA. The amendment provides that “[the] amount of the fine shall not exceed thirteen percent<\/u> of the net turnover of the undertaking or, as identified in the decision, group of undertakings in the business year preceding the decision <\/em>[\u2026]. The amount of the fine imposed on an association of undertakings shall not exceed thirteen percent<\/u> of the net turnover of the member undertakings in the preceding business year <\/em>[\u2026].\u201d<\/em><\/p>

The Hungarian legislature thus decided to amend what has been one of the cornerstones of the HCA ever since its entry into force in 2007.<\/p>

Reasons are unclear<\/strong><\/p>

Whilst the change is certainly not of minor importance, no public consultation has been conducted and no impact study has been done (or at the very least none has been made available to the public). Given that the amendment relates to the 2024 state budget which, as customary, brings about changes in a number of other legislative instruments, it seems questionable whether there is any conscious competition policy consideration at all behind the increase of the maximum fine under the HCA.<\/p>

It is true that the explanatory memorandum of the amending law merely states that the amendment is justified by the need to increase the deterrent effect of the sanctions (affecting a number of offences, as said: from speed driving to cartels). However, the vagueness of this very general reference in a budget related legal instrument still gives rise to the suspicion that the units responsible for state revenues in the Ministry of Finance simply observed that certain fine levels have not been adjusted to inflation levels and proposed corresponding increases. Most other fine figures amended (not being expressed in percentage points, but in absolute numbers) were also mostly increased by 30%.<\/p>

No incompatibility with EU law<\/strong><\/p>

Be thatas it may, the 13% competition law fine cap seems to be rather unique in the EU. And while not anymore corresponding to the standard 10% fine cap, the new rule is not incompatible with EU law. Article 15 (as well as Recital 49) of the ECN+ Directive (Directive 1\/2019\/EU) states that \u201cMember States <\/em>shall ensure that the maximum amount of the fine that national competition authorities may impose on each undertaking or association of undertakings participating in an infringement of Article 101 or 102 TFEU is not less than 10\u00a0%<\/u> of the total worldwide turnover of the undertaking or association of undertakings in the business year preceding the decision<\/em>\u201d. The 10% limit was therefore not an absolute maximum but an expected minimum of the maximum.<\/p>

Observations<\/strong><\/p>

What impact the amendment will have in practice is to be seen. Some tentative comments can, however, be made already at this stage.<\/p>

First, given the structure of the HCA and the competences of the GVH, the 13% cap will be applicable under the HCA for all kinds of infringements, ranging from antitrust matters, through merger control related issues (gun jumping) to B2B and B2C unfair commercial practices (price gauging, greenwashing, influencer marketing etc).<\/p>

Second, while the amendment will enter into force on 1 September 2023, the Act remains completely silent on the specifics of this temporal scope rule. Whereas this is certainly not elegant, it remains to be true that, under one of the most fundamental constitutional law principles, an increased (thus: a new) sanction cannot apply to any infringements committed prior to its entry into force (nulla poena sine lege<\/em>). Hence it would appear to be fair to assume that the increased cap can only be applicable to conduct committed after 1 September 2023.<\/p>

Third, it has recently been made clear by the Hungarian legislature (with active support from the GVH) that the maximum amount of the fine under the HCA is truly just a cap and in no way a basis for the fine calculation. \u00a0It is perhaps also a unique feature that the “cap function\u201d has been explicitly codified with a view to avoid a different judicial interpretation \u00a0(thus, the 0% and 13% of last year\u2019s turnover are not two benchmarks which the GVH and courts should take into consideration when assessing the fine in light of the gravity of the infringement). Hungary clearly does not want to join jurisdictions which draw inspiration from the BGH\u2019s Grauzement (BGH, 26.02.2013, NZKart 2013<\/em>, KRB 20\/12) jurisprudence. \u00a0<\/p>

In light of the above cemented cap function, it is questionable whether the increase from 10 to 13 % will have any suction-effect, moving the average fines generally higher. Indeed, there have been only very few cases, where the fine has reached the cap (then: 10%). Most of these cases affected mono-product SME (mostly: domestic) companies having been involved in long lasting cartels. For larger, multinational corporations with a differentiated product and services portfolio, reaching or even coming close to the cap (be it 10% or 13%) would still appear to be very unlikely.<\/p>

Fourth, an interesting new issue may emerge in terms of sharing of competences and case referrals regarding matters capable of being investigated and sanctioned by both the EU Commission and the GVH. The cap of the fine would so far be the same regarding the given infringement (say an abuse of a dominant position under Article 102 TFEU) irrespective of the proceeding authority. This may change for conduct committed after 1 September 2023: if the GVH proceeds, the fine cap will be higher than if the EU Commission does. Which authority will then be considered best placed to address the potential infringement?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Authors: <\/b>G\u00e1bor Fejes, Bal\u00e1zs Cs\u00e9pai, Fl\u00f3ra Kondr\u00e1t<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG\u00e1bor Fejes \t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCo-Head of Competition and Antitrust \n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG\u00e1bor is the Co-Head of the Competition and Antitrust practice group at DLA Piper Hungary. He has significant experience in many areas of practice including European and Hungarian antitrust law, unfair commercial practices cases, unfair competition and IP related advice. He has particular expertise in handling complex merger control cases and large scale cartel investigations. He is a lecturer on Hungarian and European competition law as well as on Hungarian contracts and tort law, at the Law Faculties of both major Science Universities of Budapest: ELTE and PPKE. He is member of the board of the Public International Law and Conflicts of Law Section of Bib\u00f3 Istv\u00e1n College of Law. \t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSend an e-mail\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSenior Associate,

Competition and Antitrust\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBal\u00e1zs Cs\u00e9pai deals with competition law since 2000. As an official of the national competition authority, he contributed to the legal preparation for EU membership and to the introduction of EU case law in national jurisprudence. As a secondee at OECD Competition Division he dealt with regulatory issues. \nBetween 2009 and 2013 he worked as a case handler at the Cartel Directorate of DG Comp and worked on such high-profile cases as the LCD panel, the Smart card chips and the Maritime car carriers cases. He headed the Cartel Investigations Unit of the national competition authority until 2015 when he left for the private sector and became an attorney at law. \n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSend an e-mail\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFl\u00f3ra Kondr\u00e1t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJunior Associate,

Competition and Antitrust\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFl\u00f3ra Kondr\u00e1t is a Junior Associate in the Budapest office of DLA Piper. She graduated summa cum laude from the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences of P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Catholic University in June 2022. Fl\u00f3ra wrote her thesis on the anticompetitive practices of digital platforms. \nDuring her university studies, she interned at Deloitte Private Group, where she learned more about trust asset management. \t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSend an e-mail\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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This article provides an overview of the negotiation process and highlights the significance of the framework now nearing completion.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tMit ellen\u0151rizzek a kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lagos disztrib\u00faci\u00f3s szerz\u0151d\u00e9semben? Az Eur\u00f3pai B\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g \u00e9rtelmezte a vonatkoz\u00f3 versenyjogi mentes\u00fcl\u00e9s alkalmazhat\u00f3s\u00e1g\u00e1nak felt\u00e9teleit (C-581\/23 Beevers Kaas \u00fcgy)\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t
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Az EUB d\u00f6nt\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l \u00e9s a disztrib\u00fatork\u00e9nt, valamint gy\u00e1rt\u00f3k\u00e9nt ellen\u0151rizend\u0151 szerz\u0151d\u00e9ses elemekr\u0151l Cs\u00e9pai Bal\u00e1zs k\u00e9sz\u00edtett \u00f6sszefoglal\u00f3t.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDLA Piper Competition Budapest\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2025-05-12\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t
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Versenyjog | Competition<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tAz EUB \u00faj \u00edt\u00e9lete az \u00e1rcs\u00f6kkent\u00e9s kommunik\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1r\u00f3l\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t
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Kor\u00e1bban tiszt\u00e1zatlan k\u00e9rd\u00e9sben adott ir\u00e1nymutat\u00e1st az Eur\u00f3pai B\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g a fogyaszt\u00f3i \u00e1rcs\u00f6kkent\u00e9s m\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9nek megjel\u00f6l\u00e9s\u00e9re haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3 marketing megold\u00e1sokra vonatkoz\u00f3an. <\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDLA Piper Competition Budapest\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2024-10-01\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Whereas competition law regimes around the globe struggle to find the right enforcement tools in a fast changing world, Hungary is to experiment a simpler approach: an \u201cincrease of the hammer\u2019s size\u201d. The article is written by G\u00e1bor Fejes (Partner, Co-Head of Competition and Antitrust), Bal\u00e1zs Cs\u00e9pai (Senior Associate, Competition and Antitrust) and Fl\u00f3ra Kondr\u00e1t (Junior Associate, Competition and Antitrust).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4427,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[393],"tags":[1358,1357],"coauthors":[705,1291],"class_list":["post-4425","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-versenyjog","tag-fine-cap","tag-hungarian-competition-authority"],"yoast_head":"\nHungary increases fine cap to 13% of yearly turnover<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Whereas competition law regimes around the globe struggle to find the right enforcement tools in a fast changing world, Hungary is to experiment a simpler approach: an \u201cincrease of the hammer\u2019s size\u201d.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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