{"id":2577,"date":"2021-01-07T11:33:12","date_gmt":"2021-01-07T10:33:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.dlapiper.com\/advocatus\/?p=2577"},"modified":"2022-03-10T17:45:18","modified_gmt":"2022-03-10T16:45:18","slug":"nem-lett-egyszerubb-a-dronpilotak-helyzete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dlapiper.com\/advocatus\/2021\/01\/nem-lett-egyszerubb-a-dronpilotak-helyzete\/","title":{"rendered":"Nem lett egyszer\u0171bb a dr\u00f3npil\u00f3t\u00e1k helyzete"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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  • 2021. janu\u00e1r 1-j\u00e9t\u0151l az egys\u00e9ges eur\u00f3pai uni\u00f3s szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1son alapulva m\u00f3dosult a l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny. <\/strong><\/li>
  • A magyarorsz\u00e1gi szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1st kor\u00e1bban sem lehetett \u00e9ppen k\u00f6nnyen \u00e1ttekinthet\u0151nek, vagy felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3bar\u00e1tnak nevezni, a dr\u00f3npil\u00f3t\u00e1knak azonban ezent\u00fal is egy t\u00f6bbr\u00e9t\u0171 \u00e9s meglehet\u0151sen bonyolult szab\u00e1lyrendszerrel kell megbar\u00e1tkozniuk.<\/strong><\/li>
  • Az al\u00e1bbiakban a DLA Piper Hungary szak\u00e9rt\u0151je a dr\u00f3nr\u00f6ptet\u00e9s jelenleg \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s\u00e1t mutatja be.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>

    A szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s szerkezete<\/strong><\/h3>

    Az egyszer\u0171s\u00e9g kedv\u00e9\u00e9rt t\u00f6bben is csak \u00fagy utaltak az \u00fajonnan hat\u00e1lyba l\u00e9p\u0151 rendelkez\u00e9sekre, mint az \u00faj dr\u00f3nt\u00f6rv\u00e9nyre, azonban ilyen egys\u00e9ges jogszab\u00e1lyr\u00f3l sajnos nem besz\u00e9lhet\u00fcnk. Az eddig is t\u00f6bbszint\u0171 szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s semmit sem egyszer\u0171s\u00f6d\u00f6tt, s\u0151t, a vonatkoz\u00f3 EU-s rendeletekkel csak tov\u00e1bb bonyol\u00f3dott.<\/p>

    Az egys\u00e9ges uni\u00f3s szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s<\/em><\/h5>

    2020. december 31-t\u0151l alkalmazand\u00f3v\u00e1 v\u00e1lt a Bizotts\u00e1g (EU) 2019\/947 v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1si rendelete, ami a Bizotts\u00e1g (EU) 2019\/945 felhatalmaz\u00e1son alapul\u00f3 rendelet\u00e9vel egy\u00fctt az EU-ban egys\u00e9gesen haszn\u00e1land\u00f3 fogalomrendszert vezet be a dr\u00f3nszab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s k\u00f6r\u00e9ben.<\/p>

    A fogalmak k\u00f6z\u00fcl a legfontosabb a pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 (r\u00f6vid\u00edtve UA<\/em> az angol unmanned aircraft<\/em> szavak ut\u00e1n), ami tulajdonk\u00e9ppen jelenthet minden olyan l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171vet, amelyet t\u00e1vir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1ssal m\u0171k\u00f6dtetnek, ez\u00e9rt a dr\u00f3nok egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171en ide tartoznak. A pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 \u00e9s az azt t\u00e1volr\u00f3l vez\u00e9rl\u0151 berendez\u00e9s egy\u00fcttesen alkotja a pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171-rendszert (r\u00f6vid\u00edtve UAS<\/em> az angol unmanned aircraft system<\/em> szavak ut\u00e1n).<\/p><\/blockquote>

    A Bizotts\u00e1g (EU) 2019\/947 v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1si rendelete el\u0151\u00edrja, hogy a t\u00e1vpil\u00f3t\u00e1k als\u00f3 korhat\u00e1ra 16 \u00e9v lehet \u00e9s online tanfolyamot k\u00f6vet\u0151 elm\u00e9leti vizsg\u00e1t is kell tenni\u00fck, ami 5 \u00e9vig lesz \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes. A vizsg\u00e1nak 40 feleletv\u00e1laszt\u00f3s k\u00e9rd\u00e9sb\u0151l kell \u00e1llnia \u00e9rintve olyan t\u00e9mak\u00f6r\u00f6ket, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a rep\u00fcl\u00e9sbiztons\u00e1g, a l\u00e9gt\u00e9rkorl\u00e1toz\u00e1sok, a l\u00e9gi k\u00f6zleked\u00e9s szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1sa, az \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos UAS-ismeretek, a mag\u00e1n\u00e9let tiszteletben tart\u00e1sa \u00e9s az adatv\u00e9delem.<\/p>

    Szint\u00e9n a fenti rendelet szab\u00e1lyozza az UAS-m\u0171veletek kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1t, amelyek k\u00f6z\u00fcl a ny\u00edlt (vagyis az enged\u00e9lyhez vagy tan\u00fas\u00edt\u00e1shoz nem k\u00f6t\u00f6tt) kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1ba t\u00f6bbek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt azzal a felt\u00e9tellel tartozhat a dr\u00f3n-m\u0171velet, ha a t\u00e1vpil\u00f3ta nem rep\u00fcl embert\u00f6meg felett vagy 120 m\u00e9tern\u00e9l magasabbra \u00e9s a pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 mindig l\u00e1t\u00f3t\u00e1vols\u00e1gon bel\u00fcl marad. Embert\u00f6megnek az olyan \u00f6sszej\u00f6vetel min\u0151s\u00fcl, ahol a r\u00e9sztvev\u0151k s\u0171r\u0171 elhelyezked\u00e9se miatt az egy\u00e9nek korl\u00e1tozottak a mozg\u00e1sukban.<\/p>

    A Magyarorsz\u00e1gon alkalmazand\u00f3 kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u0151 szab\u00e1lyok<\/em><\/h5>

    A magyar dr\u00f3nszab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s legfontosabb jogszab\u00e1lya tov\u00e1bbra is a l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 1995. \u00e9vi XCVII. t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny marad, amit a fenti uni\u00f3s rendeletekkel egy\u00fctt kell alkalmazni. Ennek a 2021. janu\u00e1r 1-j\u00e9vel hat\u00e1lyos m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1sa szerint a l\u00e9gt\u00e9r ig\u00e9nybev\u00e9tel\u00e9hez m\u00e1r csak lakott ter\u00fclet felett t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 UAS-m\u0171velethez kell eseti l\u00e9gteret ig\u00e9nyelni. Tulajdonk\u00e9ppen ez a rendelkez\u00e9s nevezhet\u0151 az egyetlen k\u00f6nny\u00edt\u00e9snek a kor\u00e1bbi szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1shoz k\u00e9pest. A t\u00f6bbi m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1s csak tov\u00e1bbi korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sokat \u00e9s k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9geket r\u00f3 a t\u00e1vpil\u00f3t\u00e1kra.<\/p>

    A t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul m\u00e1r el\u0151\u00edrja, hogy az UAS \u00fczembentart\u00f3i regisztr\u00e1lj\u00e1k magukat \u00e9s a pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171-rendszereiket a l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9si hat\u00f3s\u00e1g nyilv\u00e1ntart\u00e1s\u00e1ba, tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 az UAS-m\u0171velethez k\u00f6telez\u0151 lesz egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n korm\u00e1nyrendeletben meghat\u00e1rozott, az aktu\u00e1lis l\u00e9gt\u00e9r inform\u00e1ci\u00f3kat \u00e9s egy\u00e9b korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sokat tartalmaz\u00f3 honlap \u00e9s mobilalkalmaz\u00e1s haszn\u00e1lata. Dr\u00f3nt teh\u00e1t nem lehet reptetni a mobil applik\u00e1ci\u00f3 n\u00e9lk\u00fcl m\u00e9g akkor sem, ha az esetleg a dr\u00f3npil\u00f3ta hib\u00e1j\u00e1n k\u00edv\u00fcl nem m\u0171k\u00f6dne.<\/p><\/blockquote>

    Az \u00faj m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1s m\u00e1r lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi azt is, hogy az arra jogosult szervezetek nemzetbiztons\u00e1gi, k\u00f6zbiztons\u00e1gi vagy rep\u00fcl\u00e9sbiztons\u00e1gi okokb\u00f3l a pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171vet detekt\u00e1lj\u00e1k, feltart\u00f3ztass\u00e1k, elektronikai \u00faton zavarj\u00e1k vagy ak\u00e1r f\u00f6ldre is k\u00e9nyszer\u00edts\u00e9k.<\/p>

    Kev\u00e9s engedm\u00e9ny \u00e9s korl\u00e1toz\u00e1s al\u00f3li kiv\u00e9tel<\/em><\/h5>

    A magyar dr\u00f3nszab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s sajnos sz\u0171kmark\u00faan b\u00e1nik az engedm\u00e9nyekkel \u00e9s a korl\u00e1toz\u00e1s al\u00f3li kiv\u00e9telekkel. A saj\u00e1t lak\u00f3ingatlan felett alacsony magass\u00e1gban t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 UAS-m\u0171velethez p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul ugyan\u00fagy eseti l\u00e9gteret kell ig\u00e9nyelni, mint b\u00e1rmely m\u00e1s lakott ter\u00fclet feletti rep\u00fcl\u00e9shez. Mivel minim\u00e1lis magass\u00e1gi engedm\u00e9ny sincs, el\u0151zetesen ig\u00e9nyelt eseti l\u00e9gt\u00e9r \u00e9s a fent eml\u00edtett mobilapplik\u00e1ci\u00f3 haszn\u00e1lata n\u00e9lk\u00fcl a csal\u00e1di h\u00e1z h\u00e1ts\u00f3 udvar\u00e1n m\u00e9g m\u00e1sf\u00e9l m\u00e9teres magass\u00e1gig sem pr\u00f3b\u00e1lhat\u00f3 ki egy dr\u00f3n. Ugyan\u00edgy a h\u00e1ztulajdonos a saj\u00e1t hib\u00e1s k\u00e9m\u00e9ny\u00e9t sem \u201edr\u00f3nozhatja k\u00f6rbe<\/em>\u201d miel\u0151tt felm\u00e1szna a h\u00e1ztet\u0151re megjav\u00edtani azt, annak ellen\u00e9re, hogy ezek az UAS-m\u0171veletek nyilv\u00e1nval\u00f3an semmilyen vesz\u00e9lyt nem jelentenek a l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9sre n\u00e9zve.<\/p>

    B\u00e1r a Bizotts\u00e1g (EU) 2019\/945 felhatalmaz\u00e1son alapul\u00f3 rendelete a pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171-rendszereknek \u00f6t oszt\u00e1ly\u00e1t is megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zteti, a magyar szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s nem ezekhez igazod\u00f3an alak\u00edtja ki az enged\u00e9lyez\u00e9s szintjeit. A magyar l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9ben csak j\u00e1t\u00e9k \u00e9s nem j\u00e1t\u00e9k pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171vet ismer. \u00c9rtelemszer\u0171en a j\u00e1t\u00e9k l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171vek gyakorlatilag szabadon haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3k, viszont minden, ami m\u00e1r nem tartozik ebbe a k\u00f6rbe, vagyis<\/p>

    • el\u00e9ri vagy meghaladja a 120 gramm maxim\u00e1lis felsz\u00e1ll\u00f3 t\u00f6meget;<\/li>
    • adatr\u00f6gz\u00edt\u0151 eszk\u00f6zzel (kamer\u00e1val) van felszerelve \u00e9s<\/li>
    • a t\u00e1voli pil\u00f3t\u00e1t\u00f3l 100 m\u00e9tern\u00e9l nagyobb t\u00e1vols\u00e1gra k\u00e9pes elt\u00e1volodni,<\/li><\/ul>

      azokra m\u00e1r mind egys\u00e9ges k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyek vonatkoznak, holott b\u0151ven lehetett volna m\u00e9g tov\u00e1bbi kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1kat kialak\u00edtani, amelyekre fokozatosan szigorod\u00f3 enged\u00e9lyez\u00e9si k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9g vonatkozhatott volna.<\/p>

      A Bizotts\u00e1g (EU) 2019\/947 v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1si rendelete lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 a tag\u00e1llamok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, hogy a t\u00e1vpil\u00f3t\u00e1k als\u00f3 korhat\u00e1r\u00e1t ny\u00edlt kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1ba tartoz\u00f3 UAS-m\u0171veletek eset\u00e9ben 16-r\u00f3l ak\u00e1r 12 \u00e9vre, speci\u00e1lis UAS-m\u0171veletekn\u00e9l pedig 14 \u00e9vre cs\u00f6kkents\u00e9k. A magyar jogalkot\u00f3 ezzel a lehet\u0151s\u00e9ggel sajnos nem \u00e9lt annak ellen\u00e9re, hogy a magyar jogrendszer eg\u00e9sz\u00e9t figyelembe v\u00e9ve \u2013 k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6s tekintettel a korl\u00e1tozott cselekv\u0151k\u00e9pess\u00e9g \u00e9s a b\u00fcntethet\u0151s\u00e9g \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos szab\u00e1lyaira is \u2013 indokolt lett volna a t\u00e1vpil\u00f3t\u00e1kra vonatkoz\u00f3 als\u00f3 korhat\u00e1rt 14 \u00e9vben meg\u00e1llap\u00edtani.<\/p>

      Ennek hi\u00e1ny\u00e1ban ma Magyarorsz\u00e1gon egy 14. \u00e9let\u00e9v\u00e9t bet\u00f6lt\u00f6tt kiskor\u00fa m\u00e1r k\u00f6zlekedhet ugyan robog\u00f3val ak\u00e1r a f\u0151v\u00e1ros legforgalmasabb utc\u00e1in is, de a dr\u00f3nj\u00e1t a kert v\u00e9g\u00e9ben m\u00e9g nem kapcsolhatja be.<\/p><\/blockquote>

      A fenti rendelet lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 azt is, hogy a tag\u00e1llamok a l\u00e9gij\u00e1rm\u0171-modellez\u0151 klubokra vagy egyes\u00fcletekre vonatkoz\u00f3an bizonyos esetekben kedvez\u0151bb szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1st \u00e1llap\u00edtsanak meg, az \u00faj m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1sok azonban ilyen rendelkez\u00e9seket sem tartalmaznak.<\/p>

      A dr\u00f3n mint a b\u0171nelk\u00f6vet\u00e9s eszk\u00f6ze <\/strong><\/h3>

      A l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny rendelkez\u00e9seit m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00f3 jogszab\u00e1ly a szab\u00e1lys\u00e9rt\u00e9si t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyt \u00e9s a B\u00fcntet\u0151 T\u00f6rv\u00e9nyk\u00f6nyvet is kieg\u00e9sz\u00edtette.<\/p>

      2021. janu\u00e1r 1-j\u00e9t\u0151l a mag\u00e1nlaks\u00e9rt\u00e9s szab\u00e1lys\u00e9rt\u00e9si alakzat\u00e1t k\u00f6veti el az, aki pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 jogosulatlan haszn\u00e1lata sor\u00e1n m\u00e1s lak\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l, egy\u00e9b helyis\u00e9g\u00e9r\u0151l, vagy ezekhez tartoz\u00f3 beker\u00edtett helyr\u0151l jogosulatlanul hang- vagy k\u00e9pfelv\u00e9telt k\u00e9sz\u00edt. Ezzel szemben b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nyt val\u00f3s\u00edt meg \u00e9s elz\u00e1r\u00e1ssal b\u00fcntetend\u0151, aki pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli l\u00e9gi j\u00e1rm\u0171 jogosulatlan haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1val m\u00e1s lak\u00e1s\u00e1t, egy\u00e9b helyis\u00e9g\u00e9t, vagy ezekhez tartoz\u00f3 beker\u00edtett helyet megfigyeli \u00e9s az ott t\u00f6rt\u00e9nteket r\u00f6gz\u00edti.\u00a0\u00a0Ha viszont az ilyen megfigyel\u00e9s sor\u00e1n k\u00e9sz\u00edtett felv\u00e9telt a nagy nyilv\u00e1noss\u00e1g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra hozz\u00e1f\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 teszik, azzal m\u00e9g s\u00falyosabb b\u0171ncselekm\u00e9nyt val\u00f3s\u00edtanak meg, ami m\u00e1r egy \u00e9vig terjed\u0151 szabads\u00e1gveszt\u00e9ssel is b\u00fcntethet\u0151.<\/p>

      Mind a szab\u00e1lys\u00e9rt\u00e9si, mind a b\u00fcntet\u0151elj\u00e1r\u00e1s csak a s\u00e9rtett mag\u00e1nind\u00edtv\u00e1ny\u00e1ra ind\u00edthat\u00f3 meg, teh\u00e1t a s\u00e9rtettnek kifejezetten k\u00edv\u00e1nnia kell a jogs\u00e9rt\u0151vel szembeni fell\u00e9p\u00e9st. Ennek hi\u00e1ny\u00e1ban a hat\u00f3s\u00e1gok nem j\u00e1rhatnak el<\/p><\/blockquote>

      Szerz\u0151: Rost\u00e1s P\u00e9ter<\/i><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      2021. janu\u00e1r 1-j\u00e9t\u0151l az egys\u00e9ges eur\u00f3pai uni\u00f3s szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1son alapulva m\u00f3dosult a l\u00e9gik\u00f6zleked\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny – a dr\u00f3npil\u00f3t\u00e1knak egy t\u00f6bbr\u00e9t\u0171 \u00e9s meglehet\u0151sen bonyolult szab\u00e1lyrendszerrel kell megbar\u00e1tkozniuk. Az al\u00e1bbi \u00f6sszefoglal\u00f3 a dr\u00f3nr\u00f6ptet\u00e9s jelenleg \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s\u00e1t mutatja be.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2579,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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